Table 1. Categories of Osteoporosis
Primary
• Type I: Postmenopausal (estrogen deficiency, decreased androgen production in men)
• Type II: Age-associated (normal aging process)
Secondary
• Endocrine (Cushing’s disease, pituitary tumor, diabetes mellitus, primary hyperparathyroidism)
• Malignancy (multiple myeloma, leukemia, lymphoma, disseminated carcinomatosis, chemo-radiation)
• Drugs (ethanol, heparin, steroids, cigarettes, cyclosporine, methotrexate)
• Immobilization
• Liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis)
• Renal failure (active form of vitamin D not metabolized)
• Genetic disorders (osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria)
• Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, short bowel syndrome)
• Nutrition (inadequate calcium, vitamin D, long-term parenteral nutrition)